Dr Lidija McKnight Manchester and its Mummies

10th May 2021
Lidija first started at Manchester University in 2000 – and never left! Moving from studying to teaching she developed a special interest in the mummies held at the University Museum.
The Museum is currently closed for renovation work and will reopen either next year or, possibly, early in 2023. 18,000 items are held from Egypt and Sudan (including 18 human mummies and 45 animal ones), though typically only about 4,000 objects are out on display. The remainder are held in the on-site stores, where they can be accessed for study and research purposes. Manchester’s story with mummies began in 1908 when Margaret Murray famously unwrapped the Two Brothers and conducted an autopsy of them in front of a large academic audience. As a result unfortunately little now remains of the brothers apart from their skeletons. However, as Petrie recovered them originally with their full tomb assemblage, we have a large amount of information about their lives.
The next chapter in the story was in 1975 when Professor Rosalie David became keeper of Egypt and initiated the Manchester Mummy Project, to study and publish the remains held in the museum. She chose to autopsy a mummy (mummy 1770) that would never be displayed and also collected samples to set up a tissue bank. Xrays were taken (CT scans did not become available until 1979), but most of the information was gained from the autopsy itself which, as in 1908, was very destructive. It was interesting to find that individual had suffered major damage to one leg, which had been reshaped with sticks to give the body an appearance of being whole for the afterlife. 

Manchester mummy 1770 Project


New studies were started in recent years in a far less destructive and more ethical way. A number of human mummies both from Manchester and on loan from other institutions were subjected to multiple digital Xrays and CT Scans, by courtesy of the Children’s Hospital allowing access after hours. The study looked for information about the lives of the individuals, how they had been treated for the afterlife, the mummification process, their age and sex and any pathologies….also whether the coffin and occupant matched, as often this was not the case! Much interesting information was obtained from the studies – outward appearances and what lies beneath are frequently at odds. In particular the ‘Chester Mummy’ (now in the Garstang Museum) is the size of a child and was described in the past as a child’s mummy, but scans now show that all of the body parts inside are feline, carefully arranged into the shape of a small human. Was this perhaps an apprentice piece?
As well as looking at human mummies a selection of various animal mummies were scanned and studied. Almost all of these were found to be a jumbled mess of sticks and stones with, perhaps an odd bone or two, moulded into the shape of the creature depicted. The crocodile did however contain actual crocodile body parts, but turned out to be made up of 4 juvenile skulls placed in a row with 4 hatchlings stretched out above them. Using the latest technology some of the scans have been converted by 3D printing into exact replicas, which can be studied.
The next stage of the project was to try to recreate animal mummies in the lab, based on ancient techniques. The composition of the resin had been analysed and found to consist of 4 parts of resin to 1 part beeswax, plus some aromatic herbs. A sparrowhawk was covered with the preparation then wrapped with strips of linen whilst still sticky. This proved to be quite difficult to do and exceedingly, unpleasantly smelly. It gave an insight into the unattractive working conditions of Ancient Egypt’s embalmers. Although the work was completed with the greatest of care, a subsequent Xray showed that during the process the bird’s neck had been broken, so when ancient mummies are found to have a broken neck it cannot be assumed that this was the cause of death.
A second aspect to the experiments was to test the effectiveness of recognising and identifying different body parts using radiology. Bags of unlabelled mixed bones were supplied by the Natural History museum and the contents of each bag were mummified as a single object, then taken to the hospital to be scanned. Trying to identify the bones from the scanned images proved to be extremely difficult. Subsequently the bones were dried out, unwrapped and thoroughly cleaned and then sent for identification. In these circumstances it was much easier to identify them with a high level of accuracy. Physical bones which had been cleaned of all adhering matter did not present much of a problem, but of course the bones of Ancient Egyptian mummies cannot be treated in this manner. 3D printing from the scans is now being trialled to see if this would give the same ease of recognition – the results are awaited.
Already the new experimental studies have provided a wealth of information about ancient techniques and increased the practical understanding of the mummification process in Egypt.

The Ancient Egyptian Animal Bio Bank -Manchester making a mummy-Children's University of Manchester
Child’s coffin containing the mummified remains of two cats (E.537).


Lee Young
Letters from the Desert : the story of Amice Calverley and Myrtle Broome

7th April 2021
In the early 20th century the world of Egyptology paid scant regard to the work of artists and epigraphers, often just mentioning them in passing, even though the historical record they produced was of enormous value. Lee Young has a fascination for these people, especially the women, and her research has looked in depth at how they lived in Egypt, the work they achieved and why they chose to go there given the social restrictions of the time.
In this lecture she looked in particular at Amice Calverley and Myrtle Broome, who spent 8 seasons working together on recording the stunning images at the Seti I Temple at Abydos. Amice was born in London in 1896 but whilst she was still young her family moved to Canada. Later she returned to England to pursue her music studies and also spent some time working on archaeological drawings at the Ashmolean, which drew her to Egyptology. The standard of her work and her ability to draw with astounding accuracy were noted by Sir Leonard Woolley, who was directing her work, and she was hired by the EES initially just for a temporary position recording at Abydos. Subsequently, however, she became the director of the Seti I project. Myrtle was also born in London in 1888 to a master craftsman father, who taught her his trade when she grew up and they set up in business together specialising in ornate wood carving and metalwork. Myrtle also studied art and was highly skilled. In 1911 she signed up to classes to complete a Certificate in Egyptology with Petrie as her tutor. At his request she first went out to Egypt in 1927 to record tomb scenes at Qau el Kebir, south of Assiut. The letters she sent home conveyed the immense impression that Egypt made on her and she was enthralled by the landscape and the scenes of everyday life.

Amice was the first of these ladies to start working at Abydos and Myrtle joined her a couple of years later. Myrtle was a prolific letter writer and sent more than 400 letters back to friends and family. She also completed many paintings showing scenes their life there. The letters (now held at the Griffith Institute in Oxford) described all aspects of their lives; their work, living arrangements, interaction with the local village and excursions to see other parts of Egypt. The descriptions, due to her artistic nature, were so evocative that reading her words brings all of her experiences to life in great detail. The ladies differed from their male colleagues in that they wanted to embrace the friendship of the local villagers and explore their way of life, with Myrtle making a great effort to learn Arabic. This made them extremely popular, and Myrtle’s letters provide an excellent social history describing the many traditions and festivals enjoyed there. Over the years the ladies entertained many distinguished guests at the Temple site, including royalty, but Myrtle’s letters make it quite clear that they much preferred the time that they spent with the locals.
Whilst they thoroughly enjoyed this aspect of their lives at Abydos, they were of course there to work and dedicated themselves to this with commitment, determination and outstanding ability. For 6 days a week they donned their work clothes; white coats over jodhpurs and long leather boots (to defend them from snakes!) and worked long hours in trying conditions. Although others joined them over the years few had the stamina and dedication of Amice and Myrtle, who together were responsible for the vast majority of the work which led to the publication of 4 portfolio-sized volumes of the painting and drawings of the Temple. Material for a fifth volume was also provided but, to date, has still not been published. Amice and Myrtle were very modest and humble about their achievements and were quite surprised when their work was received with such acclaim and described, very accurately, as an incalculable contribution to archaeology. Alan Gardiner described Amice as one of the most remarkable women of her time and the same could surely be said of Myrtle. 


AUC Press - Lee's Book University of Chicago Vol I-IV Temple of Sethos I

Dr Dawn Power
Theriocephalic-headed deities in the Book of Caverns


8 March 2021
In this lecture Dawn took us down into the crucial nightly passage through the Book of Caverns. This Book of the Underworld is found in seven of the 19th and 20th Dynasty Rameside tombs in the Valley of the Kings, in the Osireion at Sety I’s temple at Abydos and in one non-royal tomb; TT33, a Late Period Theban tomb. In most of these tombs only a partial version is found.
For a long time it was thought that this Book related to punishment, due to the imagery in the lower registers of cauldrons, in which various punishments are being carried out. However, more recent study and research has determined that these scenes represents punishment for the enemies of Re and Osiris and the overall theme is the same as in the other Books of the Underworld; the nightly Solar/Osirian unity and passing safely through the hours of the night until rebirth at the start of the next day.
Dawn drew our attention in particular to the deities depicted with animal heads, all of which are connected with either Re or Osiris. The first considered was the shrew-headed deity. This is not to be confused with a mouse; the Egyptian shrew is a nocturnal creature living mostly underground, so quite appropriate in this context, and the deity is seen as a bringer of abundant provision. Next came the mongoose-headed deity. The mongoose is infamous for its ability to kill snakes and features as Re in the Book of Caverns in his guise of serpent slayer to defeat Apophis, then going on to join with Osiris. The nightly occurrence of the Solar/Osirian unity is one of the most important scenes in the Book of Caverns. The mongoose was particularly venerated during the Late and Ptolemaic periods.
Dawn then moved on to the catfish-headed deity, which may seem rather unexpected and its presence in the Book of Caverns is unique amongst the Books of the Underworld. However, there have been artistic representations of the catfish since predynastic times and textual references can been found, up until the end of the New Kingdom, in various Old Kingdom tombs, two Middle Kingdom tombs, the Tale of the Two Brothers (NK) and the Ebers Medical Papyrus (NK) where it is claimed that the brain can cure lower leg pain and the skull cures headaches. Unlikely as the catfish may initially seem as a choice for a deity, it does in fact have a number of characteristics, which make it very appropriate. The aspect of fertility is captured in its spawning nature and ability to populate rapidly. In dry periods it can bury itself in mud to await flooding ; a perfect representation of rebirth. The catfish also has the unusual ability to leave receding water and cross land to find another body of water. Anticipation some scepticism, Dawn showed a short clip of a catfish doing exactly this, wriggling along on its fins.
The inclusion of these animal-headed deities in the Book of Caverns shows how they are all connected with re and Osiris and help to achieve the main focus of the Book, which is the fertility of the Solar/Osirian union followed by rebirth.


Dr Sarah Doherty
The Adoption
& Adaptation of the Potter’s Wheel 

8th February 2021 

Dr Sarah Doherty delivered a lecture to the Society looking at manufacturing techniques in pottery production in Ancient Egypt and the impact of the introduction of the potter’s wheel.
The first attested use of the potter’s wheel is in about 3000BC in the Near East; the area of Iran, Iraq and the Levant. At this time in Egypt vast quantities of pottery were already being created, by hand, with considerable variety in shape, form, use, quality and decoration.
It would appear that the wheel was introduced to Egypt around 2600BC in the reign of Sneferu. It is clear that this new technology was introduced, rather than invented in Egypt. There are a number of prerequisites for successful use of a wheel to be viable, principally the skill to quarry and shape hard stone and the ability to smelt metal to make copper chisels and there is an abundance of archaeological evidence demonstrating that the Egyptians were capable of this long before 2600BC.
The introduction of new technology would normally be expected to bring a range of benefits and with the potter’s wheel we might assume that it would allow mass production, standardisation, a speeding up of the process and greater variety, but in fact this was not the case at all. After the introduction of the wheel there was a noticeable reduction in the decoration and the different techniques; a trait that was also found in the Near East. Mass production of objects such as bread moulds and beer jars continued as before by hand and the wheel only appears to have been used for elite purposes. Examples found are made of basalt, a highly prized stone, which is extremely hard and difficult to work, even though less hard and more common stone would have been equally effective for this purpose. The find spots are also telling, being near temples and cult sites.
It is also evident that, although the pottery was finished on the wheel, it was still started by hand using the commonly used coil method. From 2600Bc onwards many miniature wheel-made pots were placed around pyramid fields and these are the principle finds for wheel created pottery. They were generally about 10cm tall, without decoration, and are presumed to be part of the daily cult offerings. It would seem that, although the potter’s wheel was now available in Egypt, it was reserved for elite use only and the prestige of the vessels being made by means of the new technology was more significant than any aesthetic qualities. Larger vessels were later made using the wheel and at Amarna there are examples of this, but again they were not thrown entirely using the wheel but rather made in stages with the first part by hand, then refinement on the wheel before the next stage was started – again by hand.
Few actual wheels have been found but there are numerous examples in tomb scenes and tomb models and at Beni Hassan there is a particularly fine scene showing the process from start to finish in clear detail. In all instances we see that the wheel was propelled by one hand whilst the shaping was completed by the other, or by both hands when the wheel was still spinning. Sarah constructed a wheel of her own based on this design to see how closely she could replicate the pottery of the Ancient Egyptians, with a good measure of success. It seems, however, that the life of a potter was not one to be envied and the famous satire of the trades describes potters as, amongst other things, muddier than swine and with clothes that are solid!
Sarah’s book based on her PhD research is available from Archaeopress : The Origins and Use of the Potter’s Wheel in Ancient Egypt – Sarah Doherty.

Picture : First known depiction of a potters wheel in Egypt

Tomb of Queen Ty 2450-2300BC Epron & Daumas (1939)

Archeopress : The Origins and Use of the Potter’s Wheel in Ancient Egypt 20% discount order form Amarna Project Pottery Store Fund

John Ward &
Dr Maria Nilsson Recent research and discoveries at Gebel el-Silsila

11th January 2021 
Dr Maria Nilsson & John Ward 

John and Maria joined us via Zoom. Maria was quite familiar with this , but it was John’s first experience. They have been excavating at Gebel el-Silsila since 2012 and introduced us firstly to their hard-working team, with whom they have made a number of remarkable discoveries over the last eight years. Due to Covid-19 restrictions physical presence at the site for the 2020 season was not possible, but instead they took the opportunity to undertake a thorough review of material from earlier years and have published a number of papers.
The site covers an area, on both the West and East banks of the Nile, of 30 square kilometres and, although the majority of their work has concentrated on the New Kingdom, it is clear that, from an Ancient Egyptian perspective, the area was occupied from about 8500 years ago right through to Roman times. Previous scholars have focussed primarily on the quarrying aspect, this being the primary source of Nubian Sandstone used in monumental building projects throughout Ancient Egypt. Maria and John, however, have taken a much broader approach taking into consideration ancient rock art, inscriptions form all periods, settlement activity and infrastructure as well as the 104 quarry sites.
Some of the main areas they have worked on include a worker’s village on the West bank situated on the plateau above the quarry of Tutankhamun. 41 structures have been uncovered in a small town, together with roads, quays and other infrastructure. It seems likely that this was a re-use of an earlier site and, later, the archaeology shows that the area was again used in Roman times.
Moving to the East bank, excavations started in 2015 at the Temple of Sobek. This site was very poorly preserved and had been dismantled in antiquity. Evidence was found from the time of Rameses II and there were also earlier finds from the 18th Dynasty. Interestingly some remains of limestone were found there. It was during the reign of Hatshepsut that the significant shift from building with limestone to sandstone took place. Very close to the Temple another structure was uncovered, which has been called Sobek’s Den. Excavation through many layers has brought to light crocodile remains and further clearance is planned when the team can restart work there.
A little south of the Temple and still on the East bank, a necropolis was discovered but it is in a poor state, due to corrosion by Nile silt from countless inundations reaching the area over the years and current water table issues. So far 73 tombs have been documented; 33 rock cut chambers and 40 crypt burials, including 2 shaft tombs. There are no inscriptions inside any of the tombs, but there are an intriguing number of images of feet. It would appear that the necropolis was used for around 200 years. The primary use seems to have been in the Thutmosid period, though activity ceased before the reigns of Amenhotep III and Amenhotep IV, and there appears to have been some further use in the 19th and finally the 20th Dynasties. From the style of the burials and the funerary objects recovered, it is apparent that this necropolis was not used for the poorest people in the community.
Exciting work has also taken place in an area relating to the time of Amenhotep III and Amenhotep IV and John and Maria will shortly be publishing a paper on this. They very much hope to return to Gebel el-Silsila in 2021 to renew excavations on this area in particular and other parts of the site.



Dr Ashley Cooke 
The Girdle of Ramses III 

14th December 2020 
Dr Ashley Cooke 
The Girdle of Ramses III at Liverpool’s World Museum

Dr Cooke gave the Society a highly detailed description of one of the prize exhibits in the Ancient Egypt Gallery at the World Museum in Liverpool, where he is the Curator.
This incredible object was bought and brought to the UK by Reverend Henry Stobart, who then sold it to Joseph Meyer and it was donated to the museum in 1867.
It has variously been described as mummy wrappings, a scarf, a belt and a girdle, but agreement is unanimous in that it is an internationally important work of art and an archaeological masterpiece.
The girdle is a woven strip of fabric 17 feet long and tapering from a width of five inches to just two inches at its narrow end. Despite being 3000 years old the colours on this textile, made of flax, are still vibrant due to the use of natural dyes, and the exquisite design is woven into both sides. It is thought that it was the work of foreign weavers, descended from those brought to Egypt from campaigns during the 18th Dynasty.
The cartouche of Ramses III is inscribed along the central portion of the fabric and images, which still exist today, indicate how the girdle was worn wrapped around the chest.
Since the girdle was put on display at the museum many modern weavers have tried, but failed, to reproduce the exceptionally fine quality of the weaving using looms similar to those available at the time when it was created. The object was exhibited in Leiden whilst the Gallery was being refurbished and since the reopening in 2008 it has been placed in a darkened display case lit by an internal visitor-operated light, to prevent light damage.
Many textile and weaving enthusiasts visit the exhibition each year to marvel at the complexity of the structure and design of this extraordinary and beautiful artefact

picture www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/detail.aspx?id=4267